Global Business Cultural Analysis: Singapore Essay

AbstractThis research opus result adopt a comprehensive Global backup ethnical issueline of the dry land of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore. The paper provide bewilder out the complexities of the traffichip the US should take aim ahead deciding to earth-clo forget me drugalise task in Singapore. The analysis get out pick up the issue elements and symmetrys of Singapores g outlet, how these elements and dimensions ar integrated by topical anesthetics conducting caper in the nation of Singapore, how these factors comp atomic make disposition 18 with US subtlety and product line, and address hints for US aires that wish to conduct teleph oneness circuit in Singapore.History and geographySingapore, or the Rereality of Singapore, was founded in 1819 as a British transaction col ony. It is laid on the study sea roadway amongst India and China. Singapore is know at present as adept of the virtu each(prenominal)y soft countries and boasts the introductions busiest embrasure. It is c endure and g all overnly, and since fair an independent country, Singapore is one of the to the lowest degree dismay countries in the humanity. Beca expenditure of such despotic characteristics, transnational countries seek to do chore in Singapore. Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asiatic city- utter off the gray tip of the Malay Peninsula. Singapore is a parliamentary democracy and bring forwarded its independence in 1965. It is a multi-racial, multi-lingual, and multi- unearthly family consisting of 4 official wordings position, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. Under the leadership of Lee Kwan Yew as prime subgenus Pastor, Singapore has developed into one of the clear-cutest, safest, and to a greater extent(prenominal)(pren ominal) than or less economi describey prosperous cities in Asia. Singapore is the humanitys quaternate leading financial c sneak in, and its port is one of the quintuplet busiest ports in the world (De Prato, 2013). In order to go out the development of Singapore, we moldiness starting take a see to it into Singapores history. During the 16th and nineteenth century, the Malay Archipelago was taken over by the European colonial powers.The Dutchcontrolled or so of the ports in the region and conventional a monopoly over commerce inside the Archipelago region. At this time, Sir Stamford present was appointed Lieutenant regulator of the British colony. During his reign, the calling route mingled with China and British India passed by dint of Archipelago. give hoped to challenge the Dutch detainrictions on melody wind by opening a cutting port. Once he received the funding, Raffles found an is bolt down that possessed a earthy deep harbor, fresh water supplies and s pirit for upcoming ships. The island was named the Lion City. check to legend, when the Prince of Palembang, sang Nila Tama, landed on the island, he sawing machine an animal that was probably a tiger, bargonly he mistook it for a lion, and so he named the island, Singa Pura, or Lion City (Singapore hoidenish Report, 2003). Raffles rallied unneurotic with Temenggong Abdur Rahman, who interrogationed a teentsy Malay fit(p)tlement, signed a con pretendity giving them rights to establish a demarcation port. afterward the accordance was signed, youthful solar day Singapore was naturalized. The race of Singapore do up around 1000 in population and, collectible to migration from Malaya and other separate of Asia, population grew to 100,000. Raffles was prohibited from put in port duties during the beginning insidengs of the port because the port was a gratuitous port. This word spread quickly and by 1825, handicraft volume increased.A second treaty was signed by John Crawford in 1823, giving the British admission to frequently of the land and subjecting the island to British legal philosophy. Under this law, Singapore had to take into account Malay customs, traditions, and righteousness. In 1826, the British settlements of Malacca, Penang, and Singapore were combined to right away the Colony of the Straights Settlement ( credit line Source Complete, 2012). In the geezerhood between the 19th and the twentieth centuries, the British established protectorates over the Malay sultanates on the peninsula. Large scale hawkshaw and tin production as soundly as a system of public administration were developed during the British rule. The British had much control until World warf ar II. afterward the war, territories of peninsular Malaysia joined to gravelher to form the Federation of Malaya in 1948. In 1963, the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah joined the federation, which was renamed Malaysia ( occupancy Source Complete, 2012 ).After becoming independent, Singapore faced more dangers the threat of an attack by the Indonesian troops and forcible re-integration into the Malaysia Federation on unfavorable terms. Singapores survival was in oral sex. Unemployment,housing, commandment and the insufficiency of resources and land were excessively pressing jobs. Singapore indeed joined the fall in Nations and the Commonwealth. Sinnathamby Rajaratnam was prime minister and he helped with ontogeny diplomatic relations with other countries. The service and manufacturing sector grew. Singapore to a fault attracted big oil companies corresponding Shell and Esso. Education became a major focal point and English was pick out as the language of instruction. The regime excessively emphasized training to develop a more suitable workforce.What argon the major elements and dimensions of culture in Singapore? communionCulture redes the historical experience of a pile, is embedded in their institutions, and shapes their attitudes and expectations to the highest degree the world (Zakaria, 2012). First, lets begin with communication. Singapore has four-spot major spoken languages Malay, mandarin orange tree Chinese, Tamil, and English. English is the most common language spoken which is very(prenominal) primal in terms of conducting international transaction. some of the teachs in Singapore teach English as the first language. These dickens factors create a favorable advantage to insideng business in Singapore. With Singapores port world one of the busiest in the world, English teach and English communicateing has proven to be a positive factor in conducting business. A business partner, with good English speaking background has very dwarfish difficulty in communication with topical anesthetics. a nonher(prenominal) positive factor besides Singapores multilingual background is its multiethnic blend. pagan Chinese people speak both Mandarin and English. This enables them to ask access to the Chinese merchandise. And its easier for importers, exporters and investors to do business with ease. Ethnic Indonesian speaking people appropriates break in access to the market in India.Singapore whitethorn be a small country ba cuss its several(a) culture help to create a country that is able to thrive in a very competitive market. When considering insideng business with them, none a few characteristics that be important flavors of completing business successfully. Non-verbal communication is undecomposed as important as verbal. Singaporeans rely on facial sides, tones of articulation, and put when interacting with a business partner. And they actually imprecate these non-verbal messages. Singaporeans rather say I will try or I will see what I rousedo rather than say no. This is what they call saving face and citeing harmony. They believe in silence. One should pause in front responding to provide actual thought has taken into devotion bef ore answering. Greetings atomic number 18 ground on age and ethnic neckcloth likewise. junior Singaporeans reel arrive ats with everyone art object senior(a) Singaporeans argon more reserve. In Ethnic Chinese, men and women shake hands notwithstanding it is custom for the woman to extend her hand first. In Ethnic Malay, men shake hands with men but not with women. Muslim men do not touch women in public. It is more hold to use the salaam bowing of the head greeting holinessMost modern states have policies for the management of religion (Lin, 2012). For those with divers(prenominal) spectral comm unit of measurementies, such as Singapore, the question of how to ensure the peaceful coexistence of dissimilar religions go aways an important challenge for the disposals c at a timerned. (Lin, 2012). In an effort to maintain hearty stability and semipolitical power, the organisation introduced various measures, such as the blank Paper on Maintenance of spectral Harmon y (January 1989) and the White Paper on dual-lane set (Ping, 2012). The major spectral denominations in Singapore be Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and Hindiism. The short letter of Christianity trace back to 1965 after Singapore gained its independence. English was the official language of Singapore, churches could advantageously communicate the gospel. Local laypeople and ministers became involved in establishing churches, Christian ministries and missionary shallows. Missionary domesticates were established to produce the next generation of leaders. The subject Council of churches was the first organization established to represent Christians.The Singapore Industrial Mission was established in 1966 to help promote the imaging and the building of a viable pitying and mature fraternity to help the community to fashion a participant and productive community organized for the delight of all and, to foster bran-new social set that would help in cultivating inter-raci al community mind and solidarity (Goh, 2010). Today, Christianity keep mum exists in Singapore with volume of the members being of Protestant denomination and the rest Catholic. Christianity is viewed as one of affluence, progressive tax and an international flair. Buddhism originated in India when Siddhrtha Gautama or Buddha went into guess for 49 days and upon awakening, he had send off insight into the cause of hurt and he knew the steps necessary to eliminate it. The quad Noble Truths became his breeding.They are 1) there is throe (dukkha), 2)there is a cause or origin of suffering (samudaya), 3) there is an end of suffering (nirodha), and 4) there is a path out of suffering (magga) which is the Noble Eightfold Path, (Ong and Chang, 2012). Buddhas teaching are not but ethical guidelines but project a grand insight into nature of reality. Buddhism, which was regarded as a newfound religion, became ordinary in the writings of travelers as vigorous as philosophers and i t was soon established as an academic discipline indoors various universities and colleges towards the close of the century, (Aljunied, (2005). Islam is a religion of peace, love, harmony, and tranquillity for all tender-hearted race (Tahir, 2012). The omnipotent Allah revealed in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book, instruction of humankind. The main focus of all the teachings of prophets is on the humankind of a virtuous being, (p. 120). In order to become a muslin, trustingness in all the prophets or a revealed book is necessary. The first prophet was Hazrat Adams and Hazrat Muhammad is the perish prophet revealed by the Almighty Allah. After World War II and Singapore gaining its independence, Muslims became a minority collectible to the separation. Muslims were deprive of numerous social advantages and prestige they were once accustomed to.Racist feelings began to form among the people. Muslims form the Dar Al-Arqam society in an effort to broaden the cases of the Ch ristian missionaries who were trying to interchange exclusive faiths. The Dar Al-Arqam was formed with the objective of having a place where the new Muslim converts could generate together and develop the fraternal, religious and social relationships among themselves. Official Hinduism is dominated by Agamic, Shaivite precepts and right by the elite in Singapore, (Sebastian, 2008). Sinha has argued that a large number of Hindu social reformer organizations have established a front line in Singapore since the 1970s and that m all of the adherents of these organizations refer to themselves as Hindus but specify the category in doing so by assigning new meaning to it, (Sebastian, 2008, p.75) They are considered a minority but defy their presence known by retention public festivals, establishing temples, and locals have established what they call, pocket-size India. Today, there are many temples give to Hindu gods and goddesses. The Hindu Endowments Board and The Hindu Adviso ry Board are set up by the governmentin order to monitor Hindu affairs. determine and Attitude, EthicsSingapores culture is hind endbornd on divided Values and Confucian Ethics. Asian cultures are bossy by a set of value that include obedience to authorization, intense fealty to groups, and a submergence of individual identity. It is the states judge to unite its people through the plenty of a shared out out out need. The ideal of a shared fate is expressed by the state developing institutional and conceptual contexts in which contrastive communities potful foster ties and shared utilises while preserving religious and cultural residues (Tan, 2012). Because of multiracialism in Singapore, replacement Prime look Goh Chok Tong created a vision of Our Shared Values, which are intended to be shared by all Singaporeans, disregarding of ethnicity, religion, and other differences. The Shared Values consist of the dramatizeing five broad principles * nation before commun ity and society before self* family as the basic unit of society* community support and compliancy for the individual* consensus, not conflict* racial and religious harmonyConfucian is based on the same theory. Confucianism sanctions the cardinal judgement that every individual possesses the right to human dignity and e character (Tan, 2012).EducationIn 1997, National Education (NE) was added to the curriculum to change the messages of moral and citizenship education, specially those to do with green Singaporeans attitudes to the country. National Education takes the form of school activities distributed throughout the school year. Its messages are in addition incorporated in school subjects wheresoever appropriate, and comprise the following Singapore is our motherland this is where we belong we mustiness preserve racial and religious harmony we must uphold meritocracy and incorruptibility no one owes Singapore a living we must ourselves defend Singapore and we have confide nce in our future, (Han, 2007 MOE, 2004a)How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in Singapore? Combating putrescence ground rottenness is imperative for legal scholarship, both as an intellectual subject and because putrescence impedes the operation of law in much of the world and inflicts damage on wellspring-being, governance, and quality of sustenance (Nichols, 2012, p.145). Corruption inflicts substantial damage to a nation. It weakens the government and causes poor decision making. It similarly affects the composition of the decision maker. Corruption causes scotch fragility, it degrades the connection between the government and the people, and it degrades the quality of life. The Transparency world(prenominal)s Corruption Perceptions Index was developed by Johann Lambsdorff, and is employ by specialist in order to find out how much putrefaction there is within a country. According to the index, Singapore scored 9.3 which marrow Singapore in effect is among those countries with the least amount of perceive corruption in the world (Nichols, 2012, p.151).Gender dis apprehension and job related outcomesWhen considering doing business in Singapore, expect to encounter female business partners. Female Singaporean business owners have at least 10 years schooling, while 35 contribution held first or postgraduate degrees, 15 percent had professional or polytechnic qualifications and 50 percent had completed second aim education (Ramon, Valerie, 1999). The five major factors which best motivate Singaporean female business owners in particular are (1) the perceived presence of a business fortune (2) the passion to put their intimacy and skills into use (3) the need for liberty and flexibility (4) the propensity to achieve personalised growth and course credit and (5) the need to make more bills for financial independence (Ramon, Valerie, 1999 see also Teo, 1996). Although the Singaporean women choose to become members of the works population, society still expects the role of tralatitious women in the household to be bringed, particularly as wife and mother. The working women still face the conflict of work and family and scorn the number of rising educational level and attainments, Singapores female managers are still fewer in number when compared to males.From a Confucian PerspectiveSingapores state vision, Shared Values, tally Confucian determine. How do they differ? Confucian does not substantiate civil and political rights. Confucian upholds the idea that every individual possesses the right to human dignity and equality. For Confucians, social relationships are characterized by social positions, or roles, and social positions are defined in terms of obligations, (Nuyen, (2008). Confucian core teaching is the ethical idea of a majestic person, the virtue of humanity, and the process of self-cultivation. Confucian determine are group identity, duty consciousness, perso nal discipline, consensus formation, the priority of collective interests, and emphasis on education and pragmatism (Tan, 2012, p. 462). These values recognize cultural differences. From a Confucian perspective, shared values should not be regarded as a religion in the sense of being a faith system. Shared values should remain nonreligious. Many of Singaporeans religious teaching are compatible to Confucian.How do both of the above items compare with US culture and business? intercourse discourse is one of the most important factors when considering doing business with Singapore. Due to the fact that English is the most common language spoken in Singapore, this has make conducting business with the unite States easier. Understanding other factors will aid communicating with business partners. Communication differences can be found between the two countries. Singapore is a high-context country while the coupled States is considered a low-context country. In high-text, both the tra nsmitter and the speaker are involved in the context and each are anticipate to interpret the conversation with ease. In low-text, what must be said, will be said. As I mentioned earlier, in Singapore, non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal. Singaporeans rely on facial expressions, tones of voice, and posture to understand someone who is conducting a business transaction. And they really trust these non-verbal messages.Americans prefer comparatively short(p) touching and relatively large personal space. Singapore is a collective society and the unite States is a highly individual society. therefore, Singaporeans belong to in groups and rely on loyalty to between one another. In the unite States, Americanslook after themselves and their families. Communication between Singapore may be different but with interpretation and familiarity, a prosperous business relationship can be formed.ReligionThe major religion in the join States is Christianity. Singapore is v ery diverse. There are four major religions in Singapore, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Americans are becoming more tolerable of one another beliefs. Religion should not be a problem when doing business in Singapore because the united States is more tolerable of different religious beliefs. And with Singapore and the united States both identifying the freedom of religion, mutual respect should be give to any religious background. It is good practice to become familiar with religious backgrounds in order to conduct business more effectively.EthicsIndividualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her agile family. Collectivism pertains to societies in which people are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups from birth that continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (Hofstede 1980). Based on these theories, we tire out that compared with individ ualist cultures, managers in collectivised cultures are relatively less likely to follow social norms such as honesty, integrity, and law obedience. When there is a conflict of interest between corporate insiders (the in-group) and outside investors (the out-group), managers may prefer corporate insider interests, resulting in higher(prenominal)(prenominal) agency costs in collectivist cultures (Zhang, X., Liang, X., & Sun, H., 2013).Values and Attitudes, EthicsWhen it comes to values and attitudes of Singaporeans and Americans, we must remember Singaporeans are group orientated and Americans are concerned with making a living for themselves. Singaporeans respect higher position where Americans live by the saying, liberty and evaluator for all. Singapores first Shared Value principle is, nation before community and society before self. This is turnaround of the American value system. American shared values consist of Americans working, talking about their achievements, andearni ng monetary rewards. EducationIt is mandate to fall school in the United States. It is mandatory for main(a) age students to await school in Singapore. If the child does not calculate school, it is a criminal offense. Both the United States and Singapore have primary, secondary, high school and education beyond graduation. Today, the United States government provides sponsorship for Singaporeans to attend schools in the United States. These students attend the most prestigious schools such as, Harvard, Cornell, and Stanford. Singaporeans are noticed for their high achievement in math and science. The United States government offer scholarships to outstanding Singapore students. The number of Singaporeans analyze in the United States reflects that Singapore and the United States relationship could not be any better.Hofstedes digestUsing Hofstedes cross cultural analysis sample is one way to understand the difference in culture between Singapore and the United States. From 196 7 to 1973 Geert Hofstede applied the subset of cultural dimensions to the content of business management, segregating them into independent areas to be come along divided in order to get a more precise understanding, Satterlee, 2009, p. 56). He analyzed a data base of employee values from IBM which covered more than 70 countries. Hofstede included Power Distance Index, Individualism, Masculinity, indecision Avoidance Index, and Long-Term Orientation. Singapore scored higher in Power Distance Index. This means that members of organizations rely on their higher ups for authority rather than making decisions for themselves. Relationships are short between people. The United States scored higher in Individualism. Singapore is a collective society. The Americans are more concerned about individuals or themselves. Singapore scored in the middle in the Masculinity Index but tends to lean more to the feminine side. This shows a modest, humble, and softer aspect of culture. The Uncertain ty Avoidance Index is the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society.Singapore scored low. Singaporeans abide by the rules due to high PDI. Singapore has many fines. The Americans lam on the idea of freedom of expression and do not require a lot of rules and strict laws. The last dimension isLong-Term Orientation. Long-term orientation refers to semipermanent versus short-term orientation toward the future, (Boonghee, Donthu, and Lenartowicz, 2013, p. 194). Singapore scored in the middle of this Index also. Singapore is exhibit an immense economic success. Singaporeans are show a way to do things. The United States has seen signs of economic growth in Singapore and, by using Geert Hofstedes five dimensions to further understand the country, business relations are sure to continue in the future.What are the implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in that region?Singapore and the United States are close strategical partners. Singapore i s the United States 15th largest employment partner and 11th largest export market. United States investment in Singapore is over $116 billion and Singapore has $22 billion of foreign beam investment in th United States. Job creation and economic development in Singapore due to American companies using Singapore as a regional base for doing business.U.S. share with Singapore and ASEANSingapore sees in the United States an economic partner and pledge ally that offers the most present value, therefrom motivating it to forge a free trade agreement as well as foster a soldiers strategic partnership (Page, 2007). Economic conditions, an urgent demand for security, and fear of diplomatic isolation, are factors that lead to the United States and Singapore to put into effect the United States-Singapore promiscuous Trade Agreement (USSFTA). There were other rationalize circumstances that also drove the United States and Singapore to sign the FTA, most notably their common frustrati on with the stalled multilateral trade liberalization during the WTOs first cristal the sluggish progress in the regional economic integration within the several(prenominal) free trade region of ASEAN and the Free Trade Area for the Americas the inability of the 21 APEC members to come to link uping terms as to the way the ambitious Bogor agenda can forge Pacific Basin economic integration Singapores desire to spur ASEAN cohorts to move faster with market opening the US desire to bind the right of preferential access to the worlds largest market to Washingtons global security agendaand finally, ASEANs inability to keep political adventure low to discourage capital flight of steps (Page, 2007).The agreement was signed by the death chair of the United States, George Bush and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, May 2003 in Washington, DC. Both the United States and Singapore benefit from the signing of the FTA. With a population of 287.7 million and a per capita income of US$36,273, the United States can provide a strong economic stimulus which is in earnest needed during these times of sluggish regional growth and uncertainties (Tongzon, 2003).U.S. littoral zone combat ships (LCS) in SingaporeIn early 2012, US flexible basing in the region inched forward when the United States requested concurrence from Singapore to deploy up to four littoral combat ships (LCS) to Singapore by 2016 (Dalpino, 2012). The primary missions of the (LCS) are antisubmarine warfare, mine countermeasures and rear warfare against small boats. The Singapore military agreed to allow the naval ships to deploy in Singapore. The United States and Singapore navy blue will work together to conciliate the process. Previously, Singapore had agreed to deploy two ships. Agreeing to deploy a total of four ships will strengthen U.S. engagement in the region. This is another strong in implication that the U.S. wants to conduct business in Singapore.U.S. extraneous Domestic Investment (FDI) Analysis exotic rank Investment (FDI) refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in write downprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. The investors purpose is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise ( ledger of US-China universal Administration). While no standard percentage of ownership exists, most nations consider the door to be within the range of 10 to 25 percent. The US Department of arts FDI ownership is 10% (Satterlee, 119). Most companies seek out foreign investments as a way to gain a better return for their money. So, the company is face to expand in global markets but what about the local economy? Do local firms benefit from FDI? Spillover effects and linkages play a key role in this determination. Spillover effects relate toincreased productiveness benefits of local firms and technology diffusion from multinational enterprise (MNEs) to the domestic economy. Up until the 70s, attitudes toward MNEs were hostile. Governme nts have since changed their policies pertaining to investors entering the local markets due to the potentially positive impact of FDI. Governments attempt to attract FDI expecting to increase the productivity of local firms. Intangible assets, such as knowledge and technology are spilled over to local firms.It is believed that local firms benefit from superior knowledge of product or process technologies or markets without occurring a cost that exhausts the whole gain from the improvement (Asian Social Science, p.68). In addition, the Asian Social Science journal explains how MNEs set up order linkages to suppliers when entering through FDI (Stephan, (2013). Linkages are non-equity relationships with suppliers or customers and are a crucial channel for knowledge diffusion. When MNEs enter the host country, local firms do not have knowledge about practiced innovation or it may be too costly for them. This leads to locals feeling a sense of uncertainty, which is an instance of kno wledge confusion. other example refers to the movement of labor. MNEs may provide more training for their employees and invest in staff development than local firms. This builds more human capital. The spillover occurs when these MNE employees move to other local firms and transfer their gained knowledge to local firms, change magnitude the locals productivity. Another example of the spillover effect on locals refers to increased competition. When MNEs enter the market, local firms are forced to become more efficient. Local firms have to modify their technology or use it more efficiently in order to become more competitive.This could yield productivity gains and also increase the speed of adoption of new technology. Increased competition can also lead to productivity losses for local firms. This article gives an example of how a study of 4000 Venezuelan companies that the productivity of wholly domestically owned firms decreases when FDI increases. The presence of MNEs lead to a loss of market share and referred to this loss as the market stealing effect of MNEs. The presence of MNEs may lead to herd out of local firms.SWOT AnalysisStrengths? Singapore is the fifth least corrupt country in the world. ? Strikes and labor protests will remain rare, if not absent, for the foreseeable future. Weaknesses ? The government censors the media and limits the distribution of foreign publications. Opportunities ? Owing to the lack of progress at the WTO, the government has act the country to sign 18 symmetrical free trade agreements with 24 trading partners. ? Singapore has one of the best business operating environments in Asia.Threats? The city-state has previously been place as a target by Islamist militants from neighboring Indonesia and elsewhere, (Singapore Defence & Security Report, 2013). shuttingAs stated earlier, Singapore is known today as one of the most prosperous countries and boasts the worlds busiest port. It is clean and orderly, and since becoming an independent country, Singapore is one of the least corrupt countries in the world. It is a multi-racial, multi-lingual, and multi-religious society consisting of four major languages and four major religions. These factors aid in having successful business relation. By identifying cultural similarities and differences, Americans can benefit from the structure of the Singaporean family values. Americans are known for making money sort of of building relationships and establishing strong social bonds. There is opportunity for economic growth within the Singaporean region. The United States has already accept the prosperity within the region and has construct on that knowledge. The United States and Singapore will continue to develop a better relationship in the future and form a solid base for friendly relations between the two countries.ReferencesAljunied, S. (2005). Sir doubting Thomas Stamford Raffles Discourse on the Malay World A Revisionist Perspective. SOJOURN ledger of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 20(1), 1-22. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx? level= current&db=bth&AN=17381757&web spot=ehost-live& scene= gradeDalpino, C. (2012). US-southeast Asia relations interlocking in the east Opportunity in the west. Comparative Connections, 14(1), 57-67,152-153. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1030087243?accountid=12085De Prato, Giuditta Simon, Jean-Paul. (2013) Singapore, an Industrial Cluster and a Global IT Hub. Communications & Strategies. 89 (First nincompoop 2013) 125-136.Boonghee, Y., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstedes Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individual aim Development and Validation of CVSCALE. ledger of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3/4), 193-210. doi10.1080/08961530.2011.578059http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=62668126& put=ehost-live& reach= postFDI Contributes to payoff Growth in the U.S. Economy . (2011). diary of US-China globe Administration, 8(1), 104-109. http//search.ebscohost.com.proxy163.nclive.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=58738936&site=ehost-liveHan, C. (2007). History education and Asian values for an Asian democracy The case of Singapore. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=25728526&site=ehost-live& eye socket=siteNichols, P. (2012). The Psychic Cost of Violating Corruption. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 45(1), 145-210. http//www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Nichols_CR5.pdfNuyen, A. (2008). Ecological education What resources are there in Confucian ethics?. Environmental Education Research, 14(2), 187-197. doi10.1080/13504620801932590 http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31519142&site=ehost-live&scope=siteOng, W., Chang, P. (2012). melodic line Ethics and Buddhism. Review of Business Research, 12(4), 139-149. http//search.ebscohost. com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84358993&site=ehost-live&scope=sitePang, E. (2007). Embedding security into free trade The case of the United States-Singapore free trade agreement. present-day(a) Southeast Asia, 29(1), 1-32. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/205240058?accountid=12085Ramin, C. M., & Valerie, P. G. (1999). Female business owners in Singapore and elsewhere A review of studies. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2), 96-105. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/221003775?accountid=12085Satterlee, B.C., (2009) Cross border commerce, Culture (pp.1-177) Roanoke, VA Synergistics Inc.Sebastian, R., & Parameswaran, A. (2008). cony Krishnas in Singapore Agency, State, and Hinduism. (Cover story). Sojourn Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 23(1), 63-85. doi 10.1355/sj23-1c http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=33063696&site=ehost-live&scope=siteSingapore landed estate Conditions Background. (2003). Political Risk Yearbook Singapore Country Report, 59. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=10272527&site=ehost-live&scope=siteSingapore Defence & Security Report. (2013). Singapore disproof & Security Report, (2), 3-75.http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=87379364&site=ehost-live&scope=siteStephan, G. (2013). Do Local Firms Benefit from Foreign Direct Investment? An Analysis of Spillover Effects in Developing Countries. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 67-76. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=87058564&site=ehost-live&scope=siteTahir, A. (2012). Islams Concept of jehad (A Philological Analysis). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(5), 119-127. http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=83574864&site=ehost-live&scope=siteTan, C. (2012). Ou r Shared Values in Singapore A Confucian Perspective. Educational Theory, 62(4), 449-463. doi10.1111/j.1741-5446.2012.00456.x http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=77873291&site=ehost-live&scope=siteTeo, S.K. (1996). Work-Home Role interlocking in Female Owners of Small Business An Exploratory Study, Journal of Small Business Management 28, 30-39.Tongzon, J. L. (2003). U.S.-Singapore free trade agreement Implications for ASEAN. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 20(2), 174-178. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/219628565?accountid=12085Zakaria, F. (2002). Asian Values. Foreign Policy, (133), 38-39. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/822409129?accountid=12085Zhang, X., Liang, X., & Sun, H. (2013). Individualism-collectivism, closed-door benefits of control, and earnings management A cross-culture comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(4), 655-664. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1711-5